| Budapest | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| — City — | |||
| From top, left to right: view of the city with the Danube River, lion guarding the Chain Bridge, Heroes' Square, the Parliament Building, Fisherman's Bastion, St. Stephen's Basilica, and a panorama from Gellért Hill with Buda Castle on the left. | |||
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| Nickname(s): Heart of Europe, Pearl of Danube, Capital of Freedom, Capital of Spas and Thermal Baths, Capital of Festivals | |||
| Location of Budapest in Hungary | |||
| Coordinates: | |||
| Country | Hungary | ||
| Region | Central Hungary | ||
| Subregion | Budapesti | ||
| Unification of Buda, Pest and Óbuda | 17 November 1873 | ||
| Boroughs |
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| Government | |||
| • Mayor | István Tarlós (Fidesz-KDNP) | ||
| Area | |||
| • City | 525.16 km2 (202.8 sq mi) | ||
| • Urban | 2,538 km2 (979.9 sq mi) | ||
| • Metro | 7,626 km2 (2,944.4 sq mi) | ||
| Highest elevation | 527 m (1,729 ft) | ||
| Lowest elevation | 96 m (315 ft) | ||
| Population (2011) | |||
| • City | 1,733,685 | ||
| • Density | 3,301.3/km2 (8,550.2/sq mi) | ||
| • Urban | 2,551,247 | ||
| • Urban density | 1,005.2/km2 (2,603.5/sq mi) | ||
| • Metro | 3,284,110 | ||
| • Metro density | 430.6/km2 (1,115.4/sq mi) | ||
| Demonym | budapesti | ||
| Time zone | CET (UTC+1) | ||
| • Summer (DST) | CEST (UTC+2) | ||
| Postal code(s) | 1011–1239 | ||
| Area code | 1 | ||
| ISO 3166 code | HU-BU | ||
| Website | budapest.hu touristinfo: [2] |
||
Budapest ( /ˈbuːdəpɛst/, /ˈbuːdəpɛʃt/ or /ˈbʊdəpɛst/; Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈbudɒpɛʃt] ( listen); names in other languages) is the capital of Hungary.[1] As the largest city of Hungary, it is the country's principal political, cultural, commercial, industrial, and transportation centre.[2] In 2011, Budapest had 1,733,685 inhabitants,[3] down from its 1989 peak of 2,113,645[4] due to suburbanization.[5] The Budapest Commuter Area is home to 3,284,110 people.[6][7] The city covers an area of 525 square kilometres (202.7 sq mi)[8] within the city limits. Budapest became a single city occupying both banks of the river Danube with a unification on 17 November 1873 of west-bank Buda and Óbuda with east-bank Pest.[8][9]
The history of Budapest began with Aquincum, originally a Celtic settlement[10][11] that became the Roman capital of Lower Pannonia.[10] Hungarians arrived in the territory[12] in the 9th century. Their first settlement was pillaged by the Mongols in 1241-42.[13] The re-established town became one of the centres of Renaissance humanist culture[14] in the 15th century.[15] Following the Battle of Mohács and nearly 150 years of Ottoman rule,[16] development of the region entered a new age of prosperity in the 18th and 19th centuries, and Budapest became a global city after the 1873 unification.[17] It also became the second capital of Austria-Hungary, a great power that dissolved in 1918. Budapest was the focal point of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, the Hungarian Soviet Republic of 1919, Operation Panzerfaust in 1944, the Battle of Budapest of 1945, and the Revolution of 1956.
Cited as one of the most beautiful cities in Europe,[1][18][19] its extensive World Heritage Site includes the banks of the Danube, the Buda Castle Quarter, Andrássy Avenue, Heroes' Square and the Millennium Underground Railway, the second oldest in the world.[18][20] Other highlights include a total of 80 geothermal springs,[21] the world's largest thermal water cave system,[22] second largest synagogue, and third largest Parliament building. The city attracts about 2.7 million tourists a year, making it the 37th most popular city in the world according to Euromonitor.[23]
Considered a financial hub in Central Europe,[24] the city ranked 3rd (out of 65 cities) on Mastercard's Emerging Markets Index,[25] and ranked as the most livable Central/Eastern European city on EIU's quality of life index.[26][27] It is also ranked as "Europe's 7th most idyllic place to live" by Forbes,[28] and as the 9th most beautiful city in the world by UCityGuides.[29] It is the highest ranked Central/Eastern European city on Innovation Cities' Top 100 index.[30][31]
Budapest is home to the headquarters of the European Institute of Innovation and Technology (EIT),[32] and the first foreign office of the China Investment Promotion Agency (CIPA).[33]
Contents |
The first settlement on the territory of Budapest was built by Celts[10] before 1 AD. It was later occupied by the Romans. The Roman settlement - Aquincum - became the main city of Lower Pannonia[10] in 106 AD.[10] The Romans constructed roads, amphitheaters, baths and houses with heated floors in this fortified military camp.[34]
The peace treaty of 829 added Pannonia to Bulgaria due to the victory of Bulgarian army of Omurtag over Holy Roman Empire of Louis the Pious. Budapest arose out of two Bulgarian military frontier fortresses Buda and Pest, situated on the two banks of Danube.[35] Hungarians led by Árpád settled in the territory at the end of the 9th century,[12][36] and a century later officially founded the Kingdom of Hungary.[12] Research places the probable residence of the Árpáds as an early place of central power near what became Budapest.[37] The Tatar invasion in the 13th century quickly proved that defence is difficult on a plain.[8][12] King Béla IV of Hungary therefore ordered the construction of reinforced stone walls around the towns[12] and set his own royal palace[13] on the top of the protecting hills of Buda. In 1361[13] it became the capital of Hungary.[8]
The cultural role of Buda was particularly significant during the reign of Matthias Corvinus of Hungary.[8] The Italian Renaissance had a great influence on the city.[8] His library, the Bibliotheca Corviniana,[8] was Europe's greatest collection of historical chronicles and philosophic and scientific works in the 15th century, and second only in size to the Vatican Library.[8] After the foundation of the first Hungarian university in Pécs in 1367,[38] the second one was established in Óbuda in 1395.[38] The first Hungarian book was printed in Buda in 1473.[39] Buda had about 5,000 inhabitants around 1500.[40]
The Ottomans pillaged Buda in 1526, besieged it in 1529, and finally occupied it in 1541. The Turkish occupation lasted for more than 140 years.[8] The Turks constructed many fine bathing facilities within the city.[12] Under Ottoman rule many Christians became Muslim. By 1547 the number of Christians was around one thousand. In 1647 it had fallen to about seventy.[40] The unoccupied western part of the country became part of the Habsburg Empire as Royal Hungary.
In 1686, two years after the unsuccessful siege of Buda, a renewed campaign was started to enter the Hungarian capital. This time, the Holy League's army was twice as large, containing over 74,000 men, including German, Croat, Dutch, Hungarian, English, Spanish, Czech, Italian, French, Burgundian, Danish and Swedish soldiers, along with other Europeans as volunteers, artilleryman, and officers, the Christian forces reconquered Buda, and in the next few years, all of the former Hungarian lands, except areas near Timişoara (Temesvár), were taken from the Turks. In the 1699 Treaty of Karlowitz these territorial changes were officially recognized, and in 1718 the entire Kingdom of Hungary was removed from Ottoman rule.
The city was destroyed during the battle.[8] Hungary was then incorporated into the Habsburg Empire.[8]
The 19th century was dominated by the Hungarian struggle for independence[8] and modernization. The national insurrection against the Habsburgs began in the Hungarian capital in 1848 and was defeated a little more than a year later.
1867 was the year of Reconciliation that brought about the birth of Austria-Hungary.
This made Budapest the twin capital of a dual monarchy. It was this compromise which opened the second great phase of development in the history of Budapest, lasting until World War I. In 1873 Buda and Pest were officially merged with the third part, Óbuda (Ancient Buda), thus creating the new metropolis of Budapest. The dynamic Pest grew into the country's administrative, political, economic, trade and cultural hub. Budapest went from about 80% German-speaking in 1848 to about 80% Hungarian-speaking in 1880.[42] The capital, Budapest, was 23% Jewish. Due to the prosperity and the large Jewish community of the city, Budapest was often called the "Jewish Mecca"[43] World War I brought the Golden Age to an end. In 1918 Austria-Hungary lost the war and collapsed; Hungary declared itself an independent republic. In 1920 the Treaty of Trianon finalized the country's partition, as a result, Hungary lost over two-thirds of its territory, about two-thirds of its inhabitants under the treaty including 3.3 million out of 10 million ethnic Hungarians.[44][45]
In 1944, towards the end of World War II, Budapest was partly destroyed by British and American air raids. From 24 December 1944 to 13 February 1945, the city was besieged during the Battle of Budapest. Budapest suffered major damage caused by the attacking Soviet and Romanian troops and the defending German and Hungarian troops. All bridges were destroyed by the Germans. More than 38,000 civilians lost their lives during the conflict.
Between 20% and 40% of Greater Budapest's 250,000 Jewish inhabitants died through Nazi and Arrow Cross Party genocide during 1944 and early 1945.[46] Despite this, modern day Budapest has the highest number of Jewish citizens per capita of any European city. The Swedish diplomat Raoul Wallenberg managed to save the lives of tens of thousands of Jews in Budapest by giving them Swedish passports and taking them under his consular protection.[47]
In 1949, Hungary was declared a communist People's Republic. The new Communist government considered the buildings like the Buda Castle symbols of the former regime, and during the 1950s the palace was gutted and all the interiors were destroyed.
In 1956, peaceful demonstrations in Budapest led to the outbreak of the Hungarian Revolution. The Leadership collapsed after mass demonstrations began on 23 October, but Soviet tanks entered Budapest to crush the revolt. Fighting continued until early November, leaving more than 3000 dead.
From the 1960s to the late 1980s Hungary was often satirically referred to as "the happiest barrack" within the Eastern bloc, and much of the wartime damage to the city was finally repaired. Work on Erzsébet Bridge, the last to be rebuilt, was finished in 1965. In the early 1970s, Budapest Metro's East-West M2 line was first opened, followed by the M3 line in 1982. In 1987, Buda Castle and the banks of the Danube were included in the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites. Andrassy Avenue (including the Millennium Underground Railway, Hősök tere and Városliget) was added to the UNESCO list in 2002. In the 1980s the city's population reached 2.1 million. In recent times a significant decrease in population occurred mainly due to a massive movement to the neighbouring agglomeration in Pest county. In the last decades of the 20th century the political changes of 1989-90 concealed changes in civil society and along the streets of Budapest. The monuments of the dictatorship were taken down from public places, into Memento Park. In the first 20 years of the new democracy the development of the city was managed by Gábor Demszky.
| Year | Event |
|---|---|
| BC | Neolithic, Chalcolithic-, bronze and iron age cultures, Celtic and Eravisci settlements on present day Budapest. |
| 1st century | Romans found the settlements known as Aquincum, Contra-Aquincum and Campona. Aquincum becomes the largest town of the Danubian region and one of the capitals of Pannonia. |
| 5th century | The Age of Huns. King Attila builds a city for himself here according to later chronicles. After his death, the sons of his brother Mundzuk (Hungarian: Bendegúz, Turkish: Boncuk), Attila and Bleda (Hungarian:Buda), in control of the united Hun tribes. |
| 896 | Following the foundation of Hungary, Árpád, leader of the Hungarians, settles in the "Town of Attila", usually identified as Aquincum. |
| 1046 | Bishop Gellért dies at the hands of pagans on present-day Gellért Hill. |
| 1241 | Tatar invasions destroy both towns. King Béla IV builds the first royal castle on Castle Hill, Buda in 1248. The new town adopts the name of Buda from the earlier one (present day Óbuda). Pest is surrounded by city walls. |
| 1270 | Saint Margaret of Hungary dies in a cloister on the Isle of Rabbits (present day Margaret Island). |
| 1458 | The noblemen of Hungary elect Matthias Corvinus (in Latin) or Hunyadi Mátyás (in Hungarian) as king on the ice of the Danube. Under his reign Buda becomes a main hub of European Renaissance. He dies in 1490, after capturing Vienna in 1485. |
| 1541 | The beginning of Ottoman occupation. The Turkish Pashas build multiple mosques and baths in Buda. |
| 1686 | Buda and Pest are reconquered from the Turks with Habsburg leadership. Both towns are destroyed completely in the battles. |
| 1690s | Resettlement, initially only a few hundred German settlers. |
| 1773 | Election of the first Mayor of Pest. |
| 1777 | Maria Theresa of Austria moves Nagyszombat University to Castle Hill. |
| 1783 | Joseph II places the acting government (Helytartótanács) and Magyar Kamara on Buda. |
| 1795 20 May | Ignác Martinovics and other Jacobin leaders are executed on Vérmező or 'The Field of Blood'. |
| 1810 | A fire in the Tabán district. |
| 1825 | Commencement of the Reform Era. Pest becomes the cultural and economic centre of the country. The first National Theatre is built, along with the Hungarian National Museum. |
| 1838 | The biggest flood in recent memory in March completely inundates Pest. |
| 1848 15 March | Start of the Revolution and War of Independence of 1848-49. Pest replaces Pozsony/Pressburg (Bratislava) as the new capital of Hungary and seat of the Batthyány government and the Parliament. |
| 1849 | The Austrians occupy the city in early January, but the Hungarian Honvédsereg (Army of National Defense) reclaims it in April, taking the fortress of Buda on May 21 after an 18-day siege. In July, the Habsburg army again captures the two towns. |
| 1849 6 October | Lajos Batthyány, the first Hungarian Prime Minister is executed on the present-day Szabadság tér. |
| 1849 | Széchenyi Lánchíd, or Széchenyi Chain Bridge, the first permanent bridge across the Danube in Budapest was opened linking Buda (West bank) and Pest (East bank). |
| 1867 | Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, followed by unprecedented civic development, resulting in the style of present day Budapest. |
| 1873 | The former cities: Pest, Buda and Óbuda are united, and with that the Hungarian capital is established with the name of Budapest. |
| 1874 | The Budapest Cog-wheel Railway service is inaugurated. |
| 1878 | Electric public lighting installed in the city centre. |
| 1893 | Electrification of Budapest finished |
| 1896 | Millennium celebrations, the Millennium Underground is inaugurated, and the Ferenc József híd (today's Freedom Bridge) is opened. |
| 1909–1910 | Electric public lighting expanded to the suburbs, the nearby towns villages had Electric public lighting. |
| 1910 | The census finds 880,000 people in Budapest and 55,000 in the largest suburb of Újpest (now part of Budapest). The religious make-up was 60.9% Catholic, 23.1% Jewish, 9.9% Calvinist and 5.0% Lutheran. Újpest was 65.9% Catholic, 18.4% Jewish, 9.7% Calvinist and 4.5% Lutheran. The percentage of ethnic Germans was 9.0% in Budapest and 5.7% in Újpest, while 2.3% of the population claimed to be Slovakian. (Source: Történelmi Magyarország atlasza és adattára 1914, Budapest, 2001.) |
| 1918–1919 | Revolution and the 133 days of the Hungarian Soviet Republic (March–August 1919) under the leadership of Béla Kun. It is the first Communist government to be formed in Europe after the October Revolution in Russia. In the Hungarian–Romanian War of 1919 the Romanian Army invaded Hungary. Maj.General of USA army Harry Hill Bandholtz between August 1919 and February 9, 1920,was the US representative to the Inter-Allied Supreme Command's Military Mission in Hungary. The Military Mission was charged with disarming the Hungarian military and supervising the immediate withdrawal of the Serbian and Romanian armies who were occupying the territory of Hungary. According to his own accounts, he is said to have prevented the arresting of Hungarian PM István Friedrich by the Romanians. He is also remembered for preventing Romanian soldiers from taking the Transylvanian collection of the Hungarian National Museum on 5 October 1919. His statue is standing in front of the US embassy in downtown Budapest. General Bandholtz said : "I simply carried out the instruction of my government, as I understood them, as an officer and a gentleman of the United States Army".[48] |
| 1924 | Hungarian National Bank is founded. |
| 1925 | Hungarian Radio commences broadcasting. |
| 1933 | Disassembly of the Tabán commences. |
| 1944 19 March | The Germans occupy Budapest. At the time of the occupation, there were 184,000 Jews and between 65,000 and 80,000 Christians of Jewish descent in the town. The Arrow Cross collaborated with the Germans in murdering Jews. Fewer than half of Budapest's Jews (approximately 119,000) survived the following 11 months. |
| 1944 26 December - 13 February | Soviet and Romanian troops besiege Budapest from 15 January to 18 January. The retreating Germans destroy all Danube bridges. On 18 January, the soviets complete the occupation of Pest. The Buda castle falls on 13 February. World War II took the lives of close to 200,000 Budapest residents and caused widespread damage to the buildings of the city. |
| 1956 23 October - 4 November | The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 breaks out, ending in the invasion of a large Soviet force. |
| 1960s | Wartime damage is largely repaired. Work on the final bridge to be repaired, the Elizabeth Bridge is finished in 1965. |
| 1970–1972 | The first phase of the East-Western Metro begins. |
| 1982 | The first phase of the North-Southern Metro begins. |
| 1987 | Castle Hill and the banks of the Danube are included in the UNESCO World Heritage Sites. |
| 1990 | The city is home to 2,016,100 residents. |
| 2002 | Andrássy Avenue is added to the list of World heritage Sites, along with the Millennium Underground railway and Heroes' Square. |
| 2006 | 2006 Hungarian protests. |
| 2006 | 200 km of the 1000 km road in capital level local government handling is reconstructed after 80 km in the former year. The world's longest trams, Siemens Combino Supras start service on Great Boulevard, by the end of the year 150 Volvo 7700 buses take part in replacing the aging BKV fleet. Reconstruction of metro line 2 finishes. |
| 2008 | The Eastern part of the M0 motorway with Megyeri Bridge around the city is finished and given to public. The new Northern Railway Bridge is finished and is opened to public. |
| 2008 | By this year 400 km road [49] have been reconstructed due to the road reconstruction program paired with pipe (heating and water) replacements to modern, narrow and heat-conserving ones, and where needed sewer system expansion or replacement. |
| 2009 | The 2007-2009 complete reconstruction of Liberty Bridge[50] finishes, along with the tracks of tramlines shared with tramline 49 which is going through it. |
| 2009 | The reconstruction of Margaret Bridge[51] begins, planned to be finished in 2011. |
| 2010 | In August the Central Wastewater Treatment Plant [52] starts its normal operation after one year of test service. This increases biologically treated sewage from 51% to 100%. As part of the Living Danube Project, along with finishing modernizations of the other Wastewater Treatment Plants and other subcenters, and expansion of the pipe system to 100% coverage (which included building the complete 7 km (4 mi) Central Danube main-collector, of which only less than 1 km (1 mi) was built back in the Reform Era (1880s)), the city, which was the only one in Hungary with a population level larger than the range that was required to reach Western European levels of Sewage Treatment by the end of December 2008 reached it before the 2010 December 31 deadline of its range, fulfilling this obligation of the EU Accession Treaty. |
| 2010 | The tunnel of Metro line 4 is finished. |
The 525 km2 area of Budapest lies in central Hungary surrounded by settlements of the agglomeration in Pest county. The capital extends 25 and 29 kilometers in the north-south, east-west direction respectively. The Danube enters the city from the north; later it encircles two islands, Óbuda Island and Margaret Island.[8] The third island Csepel Island is the largest of the Budapest Danube islands, however only its northernmost tip is within city limits. The river that separates the two parts of the city is only 230 m (755 ft) wide at its narrowest point in Budapest. Pest lies on the flat terrain of the Great Plain while Buda is rather hilly.[8] Pest's terrain rises with a slight eastward gradient, so the easternmost parts of the city lie at the same altitude as Buda's smallest hills, notably Gellért Hill and Castle Hill. The Buda hills consist mainly of limestone and dolomite, the water created speleothems, the most famous ones being the Pálvölgyi cave and the Szemlőhegyi cave. The hills were formed in the Triassic Era. The highest point of the hills and of Budapest is János hill, at 527 metres (1,729 ft) above sea level. The lowest point is the line of the Danube which is 96 metres (315 ft) above sea level. The forests of Buda hills are environmentally protected.
The city has a temperate, transitional climate - somewhere between the mild, snowy weather of Transdanubia, the variable continental climate of the flat and open Great Plain to the east and the almost sub-Mediterranean weather of the south.[53]
| Climate data for Budapest | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 18.1 (64.6) |
19.7 (67.5) |
25.4 (77.7) |
30.2 (86.4) |
34.0 (93.2) |
39.5 (103.1) |
40.7 (105.3) |
39.4 (102.9) |
35.2 (95.4) |
30.8 (87.4) |
22.6 (72.7) |
19.3 (66.7) |
40.7 (105.3) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 1.2 (34.2) |
4.5 (40.1) |
10.2 (50.4) |
16.3 (61.3) |
21.4 (70.5) |
24.4 (75.9) |
26.5 (79.7) |
26.0 (78.8) |
22.1 (71.8) |
16.1 (61.0) |
8.1 (46.6) |
3.1 (37.6) |
15.0 (59.0) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −1.6 (29.1) |
1.1 (34.0) |
5.6 (42.1) |
11.1 (52.0) |
15.9 (60.6) |
19.0 (66.2) |
20.8 (69.4) |
20.2 (68.4) |
16.4 (61.5) |
11.0 (51.8) |
4.8 (40.6) |
0.4 (32.7) |
10.4 (50.7) |
| Average low °C (°F) | −4 (24.8) |
−1.7 (28.9) |
1.7 (35.1) |
6.3 (43.3) |
10.8 (51.4) |
13.9 (57.0) |
15.4 (59.7) |
14.9 (58.8) |
11.5 (52.7) |
6.7 (44.1) |
2.1 (35.8) |
−1.8 (28.8) |
6.3 (43.3) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −25.6 (−14.1) |
−23.4 (−10.1) |
−15.1 (4.8) |
−4.6 (23.7) |
−1.6 (29.1) |
3.0 (37.4) |
5.9 (42.6) |
5.0 (41.0) |
−3.1 (26.4) |
−9.5 (14.9) |
−16.4 (2.5) |
−20.8 (−5.4) |
−25.6 (−14.1) |
| Precipitation mm (inches) | 38.5 (1.516) |
36.7 (1.445) |
37.4 (1.472) |
47.2 (1.858) |
64.5 (2.539) |
69.8 (2.748) |
50.4 (1.984) |
49.5 (1.949) |
42.7 (1.681) |
46.9 (1.846) |
59.9 (2.358) |
49.3 (1.941) |
592.8 (23.339) |
| Avg. precipitation days | 7 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 7 | 7 | 78 |
| Sunshine hours | 55 | 84 | 137 | 182 | 230 | 248 | 274 | 255 | 197 | 156 | 67 | 48 | 1,933 |
| Source: www.met.hu[54] | |||||||||||||
City Park (Városliget) and Margit Island are perfect places to find some green area in the city. In the City Park in winter you can enjoy ice skating on one of the largest artificial ice surfaces in the world. Margaret Island offers a wide range of sports from running and cycling to tennis or swimming in the Alfréd Hajós Swimming Center where Budapest proudly hosted the LEN European Aquatics Championships in 2006 and 2010. Budapest was the host for the ITU Triathlon World Championships 2010, too. The 2011 IIHF World Championship (Division I, Group A) and Athletics - 2012 European Cross Country Championships will be held there.
The city is the proud home for many Olympic, World, and Europen Championship winners and medalists. The city's largest football stadium is named after the world famous Ferenc Puskás; top class player of Real Madrid and the Hungarian National Team, who was recognized as the top scorer of the 20th century and who the FIFA's Puskás Award[55] (Ballon d'Or) was named after. (read more about the award {[55]|here})
The city is also home to Hungarian bandy. The Bandy World Championship for women 2007[56] and the Bandy World Championship 2004 /B-group/ were held here.[57]
| Historical populations | ||
|---|---|---|
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1873 | 296,867 | — |
| 1880 | 370,767 | +24.9% |
| 1890 | 506,384 | +36.6% |
| 1900 | 733,358 | +44.8% |
| 1910 | 880,371 | +20.0% |
| 1920 | 928,996 | +5.5% |
| 1930 | 1,006,184 | +8.3% |
| 1941 | 1,164,963 | +15.8% |
| 1944 | 1,235,920 | +6.1% |
| 1945 | 832,800 | −32.6% |
| 1947 | 1,073,444 | +28.9% |
| 1873-1949 (Little Budapest) | ||
| Historical populations | ||
|---|---|---|
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1950 | 1,629,000 | — |
| 1956 | 1,848,000 | +13.4% |
| 1958 | 1,764,000 | −4.5% |
| 1960 | 1,804,606 | +2.3% |
| 1970 | 2,001,083 | +10.9% |
| 1980 | 2,059,226 | +2.9% |
| 1990 | 2,016,681 | −2.1% |
| 2001 | 1,777,921 | −11.8% |
| 2005 | 1,695,814 | −4.6% |
| 2011 | 1,733,685 | +2.2% |
| 1950-present (Greater Budapest) | ||
| Ethnic groups | Population | % of total |
|---|---|---|
| Hungarians | 1,631,043 | 91.2 |
| Germans | 18,097 | 1 |
| Roma | 14,019 | ~0.8 |
| Slovaks | 4,929 | ~0.3 |
| Others | 16,762 | ~0.9 |
| No answer, unknown | 93,071 | 5.2 |
| Total[59] | 1,777,921 | 100 |
A KSH report showed that the proportion of Roma in Budapest increased from 2% in 1990 to 4.6% in 2009.[61]
Whilst only 1.7% of the population of Hungary in 2009 were foreigners,[61] 43% of them lived in Budapest,[61] making them 4.4% of the city's population.[61] Nearly two-thirds of foreigners living in Hungary were under 40. The primary motivation for this age group living in Hungary was employment.[61]
| Denominations | Population | % of total |
|---|---|---|
| Christian | 1,128,502 | 63.5 |
| Roman Catholic | 808,460 | 45.5 |
| Calvinist | 224,169 | 12.6 |
| Lutheran | 46,449 | 2.6 |
| Greek Catholic | 28,901 | 1.6 |
| Other | 20,523 | 1.2 |
| Non-Christian religious | 15,439 | ~0.9 |
| Jewish | 9,468 | ~0.5 |
| Other | 5,971 | ~0.3 |
| Without domination | 347,209 | 19.5 |
| No answer, unknown | 286,584 | 16.1 |
| Total | 1,777,921 | 100 |
Originally Budapest had 10 districts after coming into existence upon the unification of the three cities in 1873. On 1 January 1950 Budapest was united with several neighboring towns and the number of its districts was raised to 22 (Greater Budapest). At that time there were changes both in the order of districts and in their sizes. Now there are 23 districts, 6 in Buda, 16 in Pest and 1 on Csepel Island between them. Each district can be associated with one or more city parts named after former towns within Budapest. The city centre itself in a broader sense comprises the 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th and 13th districts on the Pest side, and the 1st, 2nd, 11th and 12th on the Buda side of the city.[63]
Nearly all branches of industry can be found in Budapest. Main products are communication engineering and computer appliances, electric machines, incandescent lamps (General Electric). Pharmaceutical industry is also important, well-known Egis, Richter Gedeon and Chinoin companies are Hungarian, Teva also has a division here. The Malév Hunagrian Airlines is based in Budapest.
Industry is rather in the suburbs, the centre is place for the main national and international service and financial companies like Hungarian Telekom, General Electric, Vodafone, Telenor, Erste Bank, CIB Bank, K&H Bank&Insurance, UniCredit, Budapest Bank, Generali Providencia Insurance, ING, Aegon Insurance, Allianz. Regional base of Volvo Co., Saab, Ford, GE are in Budapest. MOL Hungarian Oil and Gas Company which with its Subsidiaries, is a leading integrated oil and gas company in Central & Eastern Europe, and OTP Bank which is the biggest Hungarian bank, with branches in 8 other countries as well, are based in the capital.
Budapest is the centre of services, financial counselling, money transactions, commercial and estate services. Trade and logistic services are well-developed. Tourism and catering also deserve mention, the capital being home to thousands of restaurants, bars, coffee houses and party places.
The neo-Gothic Parliament, containing amongst other things the Hungarian Crown Jewels. Saint Stephen's Basilica, where the Holy Right Hand of the founder of Hungary, King Saint Stephen is on display. The Hungarian cuisine and café culture: for example, Gerbeaud Café, and the Százéves, Biarritz, Fortuna, Alabárdos, Arany Szarvas, Kárpátia and the world famous Mátyás Pince Restaurants. There are Roman remains at the Aquincum Museum, and historic furniture at the Nagytétény Castle Museum, just 2 out of 223 museums in Budapest.
The Castle Hill, the River Danube embankments and the whole of Andrássy út have been officially recognized as UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
Castle Hill and the Castle District; there are three churches here, six museums, and a host of interesting buildings, streets and squares. The former Royal Palace is one of the symbols of Hungary – and has been the scene of battles and wars ever since the 13th century. Nowadays it houses two impressive museums and the National Széchenyi Library. The nearby Sándor Palace contains the offices and official residence of the President of Hungary. The seven-hundred year-old Matthias Church is one of the jewels of Budapest. Next to it is an equestrian statue of the first king of Hungary, King Saint Stephen, and behind that is the Fisherman's Bastion, from where opens out a panoramic view of the whole city. Statues of the Turul, the mythical guardian bird of Hungary, can be found in both the Castle District and the Twelfth District.
In Pest, arguably the most important sight is Andrássy út. As far as Kodály Körönd and Oktogon both sides are lined with large shops and flats built close together. Between there and Heroes’ Square the houses are detached and altogether grander. Under the whole runs continental Europe’s oldest Underground railway, most of whose stations retain their original appearance. Heroes’ Square is dominated by the Millenary Monument, with the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in front. To the sides are the Museum of Fine Arts and the Kunsthalle Budapest, and behind City Park opens out, with Vajdahunyad Castle. One of the jewels of Andrássy út is the Hungarian State Opera House. Statue Park, a theme park with striking statues of the Communist era, is located just outside the main city and is accessible by public transport.
The city is home to the largest synagogue in Europe (Dohány Street Synagogue),[64] and second largest working in the World .[65] The synagogue is located in the Jewish district taking up several blocks in central Budapest bordered by Király utca, Wesselényi utca, Grand Boulevard (Budapest) and Bajcsy Zsilinszky road. The city is also proud at the largest medicinal bath in Europe (Széchenyi Medicinal Bath) and the third largest Parliament building in the world, once the largest in the world. The third largest church in Europe (Esztergom Basilica) and the second largest Baroque castle in the world (Gödöllő) are in the vicinity.
The world's largest panorama photograph was created in (and of) Budapest in 2010.[66]
Seven islands can be found on the Danube: Shipyard Island, Margaret Island, Csepel Island, Palotai-sziget (now a peninsula), Népsziget, Háros-sziget, and Molnár-sziget.
Notable islands include:
One of the reasons the Romans first colonized the area immediately to the west of the River Danube and established their regional capital at Aquincum (now part of Óbuda, in northern Budapest) is so that they could utilize and enjoy the thermal springs. There are still ruins visible today of the enormous baths that were built during that period. The new baths that were constructed during the Turkish period (1541–1686) served both bathing and medicinal purposes, and some of these are still in use to this day. Budapest gained its reputation as a city of spas in the 1920s, following the first realization of the economic potential of the thermal waters in drawing in visitors. Indeed, in 1934 Budapest was officially ranked as a "City of Spas". Today, the baths are mostly frequented by the older generation, as, with the exception of the “Magic Bath” and "Cinetrip" water discos, young people tend to prefer the lidos which are open in the summer. Construction of the Király Baths started in 1565, and most of the present-day building dates from the Turkish period, including most notably the fine cupola-topped pool.
The Rudas Baths are centrally placed – in the narrow strip of land between Gellért Hill and the River Danube – and also an outstanding example of architecture dating from the Turkish period. The central feature is an octagonal pool over which light shines from a 10 m diameter cupola, supported by eight pillars.
The Gellért Baths and Hotel were built in 1918, although there had once been Turkish baths on the site, and in the Middle Ages a hospital. In 1927 the Baths were extended to include the wave pool, and the effervescent bath was added in 1934. The well-preserved Art Nouveau interior includes colourful mosaics, marble columns, stained glass windows and statues.
The Lukács Baths are also in Buda and are also Turkish in origin, although they were only revived at the end of the 19th century. This was also when the spa and treatment centre were founded. There is still something of an atmosphere of fin-de-siècle about the place, and all around the inner courtyard there are marble tablets recalling the thanks of patrons who were cured there. Since the 1950s it has been regarded as a centre for intellectuals and artists.
The Széchenyi Baths are one of the largest bathing complexes in all Europe, and the only “old” medicinal baths to be found in the Pest side of the city. The indoor medicinal baths date from 1913 and the outdoor pools from 1927. There is an atmosphere of grandeur about the whole place with the bright, largest pools resembling aspects associated with Roman baths, the smaller bath tubs reminding one of the bathing culture of the Greeks, and the saunas and diving pools borrowed from traditions emanating in northern Europe. The three outdoor pools (one of which is a fun pool) are open all year, including winter. Indoors there are over ten separate pools, and a whole host of medical treatments is also available.
Budapest Liszt Ferenc International Airport, formerly called Budapest Ferihegy International Airport, which has 3 passenger terminals: Ferihegy 1, which tends to serve the many discount airlines now flying to and from Budapest, Ferihegy 2/A and Ferihegy 2/B. Terminal 3 is planned to be built. The airport is located to the east of the centre in the XVIII. district in Pestszentlőrinc. In March 2011, the Hungarian Government announced that the name of the Airport is to be changed from "Budapest Ferihegy International Airport" to "Budapest Liszt Ferenc International Airport".
Budapest is the most important Hungarian road terminus; most of the major highways end near the city-limits. The road system in the city is designed in a similar manner to that of Paris, with several ring roads, and avenues radiating out from the center.
Ring road (beltway) M0 around Budapest is nearly completed, with only one section missing on the west side due to local disputes. Currently the beltway is around 80 kilometers in length, and once finished it will be near 100 kilometers of highway in length.
Budapest public transport is provided by BKV,[67] the company operates buses, trolleybuses, trams, suburban railway lines, the metro, a boat service, a cogwheel railway, a funicular, and a chairlift, called Libegő.
Budapest's tram network is extensive, and reliable despite poor track infrastructure and an ageing fleet. Routes 4 and 6 combined form the busiest traditional city tram line in the world, with the world's longest passenger trams (54-metre (177 ft) long Siemens Combino) running at 60 to 90 second intervals at peak time and 3–4 minutes off-peak and usually packed with people.
Day services operate from 4:30 a.m. until 11:30 p.m. each day. Night traffic (a reduced overnight service) has a reputation for being excellent.
There are three metro lines and a fourth is currently under construction. The Yellow line, built in 1896, is one of the oldest subway lines in the world, following the London Underground built in 1863.
Hungarian main-line railways are operated by MÁV. There are three main railway termini in Budapest, Keleti (eastbound), Nyugati (westbound), and Déli (southbound), operating both domestic and international rail services. Budapest was one of the main stops of the Orient Express until 2001, when the service was cut back to Paris-Vienna. There is also a suburban rail service in and around Budapest, operated under the name HÉV.
The river Danube flows through Budapest on its way to the Black Sea. The river is easily navigable and so Budapest has historically been a major commercial port (at Csepel). In the summer months a scheduled hydrofoil service operates up the Danube to Vienna.
Beside metros, suburban rails, buses, trams and boats, there are a couple of less usual vehicles in Budapest:
The latter three vehicles run among Buda hills.
Budapest is Hungary's main centre of education and home to numerous universities:
Budapest is twinned with:[68][69][70]
| Country | City | County / District / Region / State | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Turkey | Istanbul | Istanbul | 1985 |
| Austria | Vienna | Vienna | 1990 |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | Sarajevo | Sarajevo Canton | 1995 |
| Turkey | Izmir | Izmir | 1985 |
| Bulgaria | Sofia | Sofia City | |
| China (PRC) | Beijing | Beijing | 2005[71] |
| Croatia | Zagreb | Zagreb | 1994[72] |
| France | Paris | Paris | 1956 |
| Germany | Berlin | Berlin | 1992[73] |
| Germany | Frankfurt am Main | Hessen | 1990 |
| Indonesia | Jakarta | Jakarta Special Capital Region | 2009[74] |
| Israel | Tel Aviv | Tel Aviv District | 1989[75] |
| Italy | Florence | Tuscany | 2008[76] |
| Poland | Warsaw | Masovian Voivodeship | 2005[77] |
| Portugal | Lisbon | District of Lisbon | 1992 |
| Romania | Bucharest | Bucharest | 1991 |
| Slovakia | Košice | Košice Region | 1997[78] |
| South Korea | Daejeon | Daejeon | 1994[79] |
| Thailand | Bangkok | Bangkok | 2007 |
| Ukraine | Lviv | Ukraine | 1993[80] |
| United States | Fort Worth | Texas | 1990[81] |
| Turkey | Gaziantep | Gaziantep | 2010 |
| United States | New York City | New York | 1992[82] |
Some of the city's districts are also twinned to small cities or districts of other big cities, for details see the article List of districts and towns in Budapest.
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